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impedancesensitivityfrequency responseSPL
Frequency response
Frequency response shows how loud a speaker is at each frequency. It helps reveal balance, crossover behavior, box tuning, and room problems.
Impedance
Impedance is the electrical load the amplifier sees. It changes with frequency, so a speaker marked 8 ohms is not 8 ohms everywhere.
Phase
Phase describes timing between waveforms. Around a crossover, poor phase alignment can make two drivers cancel instead of sum.
Sensitivity
Sensitivity tells you how loud a speaker gets from a known input. It helps estimate output, amplifier needs, and how well drivers will match.