- 01
Frequency response
Frequency response shows how loud a speaker is at each frequency. It helps reveal balance, crossover behavior, box tuning, and room problems.
- 02
Impedance
Impedance is the electrical load the amplifier sees. It changes with frequency, so a speaker marked 8 ohms is not 8 ohms everywhere.
- 03
Crossover
A crossover splits audio between drivers. It is not a hard wall; drivers still overlap around the crossover point.
- 04
Phase
Phase describes timing between waveforms. Around a crossover, poor phase alignment can make two drivers cancel instead of sum.