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Amplifier classes

Class A, AB, and D — how the output stage works and why it matters.

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Why it matters

Class decides efficiency, heat, size, and power supply needs — not whether an amp “sounds good.” For a DIY or battery build, that efficiency number drives the whole design: heatsinks, enclosure, and run time.

How it works

The class is about how much of each signal cycle the output devices are switched on:

  • Class A conducts the whole cycle. Very linear, but it burns power as heat even at idle, so it is hot, heavy, and rare in DIY power amps.
  • Class AB conducts a bit more than half each, with two halves handing over near zero. It is the long-standing linear compromise — good performance, moderate efficiency, needs real heatsinking. Common in older and audiophile gear.
  • Class D switches the output fully on and off at a high rate, then filters the result back to audio. Efficiency is typically 85–95%, so it runs cool and small. It dominates subwoofer plate amps, portable speakers, and most modern builds.

Class D is not “digital” — it is a switching analog amplifier. Modern Class D measures excellently and is the default choice for almost any DIY build that cares about heat, size, or battery life.

Common mistakes

Simple example

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